결론 : 남성 흡연 환자에서 폐암을 증가 시키므로

흡연자는 종합비타민에서 안들어간 제품을 선택.



1. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease



Gilbert S Omenn, Gary E Goodman, Mark D Thornquist, John Balmes, Mark R Cullen, Andrew Glass, James P Keogh, Frank L Meyskens Jr, Barbara Valanis, James H Williams Jr, Scott Barnhart, Samuel Hammar



New England journal of medicine 334 (18), 1150-1155, 1996



결론 : Conclusions



After an average of four years of supplementation, the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A had no benefit and may have had an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer and on the risk of death from lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and any cause in smokers and workers exposed to asbestos.



2. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers



Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group



New England Journal of Medicine 330 (15), 1029-1035, 1994



결론 Conclusions



We found no reduction in the incidence of lung cancer among male smokers after five to eight years of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta carotene. In fact, this trial raises the possibility that these supplements may actually have harmful as well as beneficial effects. .



3. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial



Gilbert S Omenn, Gary E Goodman, Mark D Thornquist, John Balmes, Mark R Cullen, Andrew Glass, James P Keogh, Frank L Meyskens Jr, Barbara Valanis, James H Williams Jr, Scott Barnhart, Martin G Cherniack, Carl Andrew Brodkin, Samuel Hammar



JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88 (21), 1550-1559, 1996



결론 Conclusions: CARET participants receiving the combination of β-carotene and vitamin A had no chemopreventive benefit and had excess lung cancer incidence and mortality. 





4. β-carotene supplementation and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene cancer prevention study: the role of tar and nicotine



Pooja Middha, Stephanie J Weinstein, Satu Männistö, Demetrius Albanes, Alison M Mondul



Nicotine and Tobacco Research 21 (8), 1045-1050, 2019



결론 Conclusion



These findings support the conclusion that supplementation with β-carotene increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers regardless of the tar or nicotine content of cigarettes smoked. Our data suggest that all smokers should continue to avoid β-carotene supplementation.







5. Dietary consumption of antioxidant vitamins and subsequent lung cancer risk: The J apan P ublic H ealth C enter‐based prospective study



Saki Narita, Eiko Saito, Norie Sawada, Taichi Shimazu, Taiki Yamaji, Motoki Iwasaki, Junko Ishihara, Ribeka Takachi, Kenji Shibuya, Manami Inoue, Shoichiro Tsugane, JPHC Study Group



International journal of cancer 142 (12), 2441-2460, 2018





결론

In a multivariate regression model, 

while higher retinol intake was positively associated with overall lung cancer risk in men 

(HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.05–1.51; ptrend = 0.003), 

the estimates were more evident with small cell carcinoma (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.13–3.24; ptrend < 0.001). 





레티놀과 폐암감소 논문 



https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/77/13_Supplement/2275.short





결론

In this large prospective study, higher serum retinol was associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and lower risk of lung and liver cancers. Understanding the biological mechanisms that underlie these associations may provide insight into retinol’s role in cancer prevention.